![]() ![]() We have shown that cysteine residues, C181, C301 and C459 in hSLC2A9 are also essential elements for mediating urate transport. Our functional studies confirmed that N429 is a key residue for both urate binding and transport. Our in silico substrate docking study has revealed that urate and fructose bind within the same binding pocket in hSLC2A9, yet with distinct orientations, and allowed us to identify novel residues for urate binding. This ability is in contrast to other homologous sugar transporters such as glucose transporters 1 and 5 (SLC2A1 & SLC2A5) and the xylose transporter (XylE), despite the fact that these transporters have similar protein structures. Human SLC2A9 is unique in that it transports hexoses as well as the organic anion, urate. We hope that this review will inspire the design of novel stimuli-responsive membranes to promote sustainable development and make progress toward commercialization.Human glucose transporter 9 (hSLC2A9) is critical in human urate homeostasis, for which very small deviations can lead to chronic or acute metabolic disorders. This review offers critical insights for the membrane and broader materials science communities regarding the on-demand and dynamic control of membrane structures and properties. Smart applications for separations are also reviewed as well as a discussion of remaining challenges and future prospects in this exciting field. This review also focuses on strategies to prepare stimuli-responsive membranes, including blending, casting, polymerization, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Special attention is given to stimuli-responsive control of membrane pore structure (pore size and porosity/connectivity) and surface properties (wettability, surface topology, and surface charge), from the perspective of determining the appropriate membrane properties and microstructures. The most commonly utilized stimuli, including light, pH, temperature, ions, and electric and magnetic fields, are discussed in detail. This review summarizes and discusses important developments and achievements in stimuli-responsive membranes. Further conferring membranes with stimuli responsiveness can allow them to dynamically tune their pore structure and/or surface properties for efficient separation performance. Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high energy efficiency and small environmental impact. ![]()
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